SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BY COOLEST CHRIS END PART

CHAPTER THREE 3.0
Methodology 3.1
The Study Area Figure 3.1: Map of Ugbowo (source: Google)
 The study covered Ugbowo of Benin City because it is a typical commercial and industrial location in the state.

The study will also involve determining the sources, types and compositions of the wastes generated. Ugbowo is situated in ovia north, Edo, Nigeria, its geographical coordinatesAreLatitudes (Lat) 60 24’0’’North, Longitude (Lon) 5036’0’’East, Elevation (approx.):115m This city has a tropical climate. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. The average annual temperature in Ugbowo is 26.0oC. Precipitation here averages 1965mm. The least amount of rainfall occurs in January. The average in this month is 9mm. In September, the precipitation reachesits peak, with an average of330mm. The temperatures are highest on average in March; at around 27.5oC.At 24.3oC on average, July is the coldest month of the year. 3.2Sampling method used In order to obtain adequate data on the generation of solid waste in Ugbowo, questionnaires were distributed to some students in Ugbowo and the information regarding solid waste was gotten from the state ministry of environment and public utilities. As a way of collecting this necessary information in order to design a good and effective solid waste management system, the following steps were undertaken:- 1) Visit to solid waste sites 2) Consultation was made with the local government and state government health management department workers to obtain their views. 3) Market women in major markets (for example Uselu market and Ekiosa market were equally approached for their views on the issues of solid waste management. 4) The available information and literature in the ministry of environment and waste disposal unit was examined. 5) Obtaining information through the World Wide Web (internet) was done. For convenience, the Solid waste generated in Ugbowo was stratified. Hence, it was observed that there existed three classes of Solid waste which are: a) Market waste: This comprises of waste generated in the small and large markets. b) Residential waste: This entails the type of waste generated in homes (i.e. residential flats, mansions, duplexes, hotels, etc. c)Street waste: This is waste that is produced by the public in the course of their daily use of the streets(for example waste from biscuit paper,sweets,chewing gum, ice-cream wrappers, cellophane bags,etc.Also in this group are leaves that are dropped from the trees and other solid waste found in streets. 3.3Research Instrument Data had to be gathered from mainly primary sources, local government council and use of questionnaires. The questionnaire was chosen as a major means of gathering data for reasons such as: 1) The questionnaire provides a structured way of asking different people the same type ofquestions.Thus, the same set of questions can be asked in the same way to guarantee that the responses given refer to the same area 2) Questions in the questionnaire are usually self-explanatory 3) More people can be reached within the limited time available 4) The need to find out current generation of solid waste 3.4 Field Work A team consisting of some family members, friends and I went to some various homes to distribute the questionnaire, we made sure they were filled and returned almost immediately 3.5 Physical Visits The area visited in Ugbowo includes Osasogie, BDPA, Ekosodin, Adolor, Uniben halls of residence, SSQ, JSQ. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0Results and Discussion Data gathered were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Tables and Bar charts were employed to present the magnitude of the occurrence of the variables obtained. Presentation of data is through tables, figures, charts and pictures, these findings formed the conclusions, and recommendations of this research. Belowis the analysis of the response of the respondents. The results are simultaneously presented in tables in the order of the respective sections of the WRSQS questionnaire. TABLE 4.1: Household Solid Waste Management 1. Method of household garbage storage Closed container (%) Open container (%) Plastic bags (%) Other (pile in the yard) (%) 16.7 36.7 43.3 3.3 2. Method of household garbage disposal Burn (%) Bury (%) Dump In river /gully (%) Dump in yard (%) Dump on road (%) EHO Dumpsite (%) Garbage truck (%) Recycle (%) Reuse (%) Compost (%) Other (%) Food waste 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 83.7 1.7 1.7 0 0 Yard trimmings 16.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 70 1.7 1.7 0 0 Paper/cardboard 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 83.7 1.7 1.7 0 0 Plastic 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 83.7 1.7 1.7 0 0 Metals 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 83.7 1.7 1.7 0 0 Glass 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 83.7 1.7 1.7 0 0 % AVERAGE 5.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 0 0 81.4 1.7 1.7 0 0 Majority of the respondent (36.7%), reported that most of their household garbage are stored in an open container, while some (16.7%) store theirs in a closed container, few (10%) in plastic bags and others (3.3%) pile garbage in the yard. Garbage truck constituted the major method of household garbage disposal by respondents (81.4%). very few of the respondents made use of other methods such as: composting, recycling, reuse, use of garbage truck, dump site etc. TABLE4.2: Concerns about Solid Waste Management S/N Issue for concern Concerned (%) Not concerned (%) No opinion (%) 1 Health risk related to burning garbage 96.7 3.3 0.0 2 Illegal dumps polluting water bodies 96.7 0 3.3 3 Diseases related to improper storage and disposal 100.0 0.0 0.0 4 Flooding due to garbage blocking drains and gullies 93.4 3.3 3.3 5 Reduction of natural resources we buy and use 0 96.7 3.3 6 Services provided by garbage truck 96.7 3.3 0 7 Litters 100 0 0 8 Illegal dumping 100 0 0 9 Presence of rats 100 0 0 10 Garbage in ugbowo 100 0 0 Generally the majority of respondents showed concern about issues of solid waste management. All respondents (100%) were concerned about the diseases related to improper waste storage and disposal TABLE 4.3: Willingness to participatein the following S/N Willingness Yes (%) No (%) Don’t know (%) 1 Composting 3.4 48.3 48.3 2 Recycling 96.7 3.3 0 3 Willingness to separate material for collection 20 80 0 4 Willingness to pay for pickup for recycling materials 40 60 0 5 Willingness to participate in composting programs 25 75 0 6 Willingness to return plastic bottles to stores 25 75 7 Willingness to purchase less throwaway products 0 25 75 8 More information on the reduction of garbage 0 25 75 It is obvious that generally a greater percentage of respondents are willing to participate in efforts aimed at reducing waste, recycling but 48.3% do not want to do composting of household garbage and were 75% were not willing to get more information on how to reduce garbage. TABLE 4.4: Solid Waste Management Attitude Scale S/N Statement Agree (%) Disagree (%) No opinion (%) 1 I play an important role in garbage management in ugbowo. 100 0 0 2 Environmental education should be taught in schools. 100 0 0 3 The Purchase decisions that I make can increase or decrease the amount of garbage my household must get rid of (dispose of). 91.7 0 8.3 4 I don’t care that burning garbage can be bad for my health and the health of others. 0 100 0 5 People throw garbage on the streets and in the drains and gullies because they have no other means of getting rid of (disposing of) their garbage. 10 90 0 6 The Local Government is not doing enough to fix the garbage problem. 93.3 6.7 0 7 Correct garbage management should not be taught in schools. 0 100 0 8 Other personal issues (like crime, unemployment, and cost of living) are more important to me than a garbage-free community. 91.7 8.3 0 9 Regular collection of garbage is the only solution to garbage problem. 100 0 0 10 Picking up garbage around my community is my responsibility as an ugbowo resident. 0 100 0 11 Public education about proper garbage management is one way to fix the garbage crisis. 100 0 0 12 It is very important that the ugbowo put recycling laws and programs in place. 93.3 6.7 0 While most of the respondents (100%) agreed that they individually play important roles in garbage management, a greater percentage of the respondents (100%) believed that the local government is not doing enough to fix the garbage problem. A greater number of respondents (93.3%) agreed that: recycling laws and programs should be put in place in Ugbowo; that purchase decisions should be controlled; and that regular collection of garbage is the only solution to the garbage problem. The majority of respondents (100%) also agreed that environmental education should be taught in schools and that public education about proper garbage management is a way to fix the garbage crises. When asked about whether other personal issues were more important than a garbage-free community, a greater percentage (91.7%) agreed. Majority of the respondents (100%) were against the burning of garbage. TABLE 4.5: Demography 1. Age range (%) 2. Gender (%) 3. Educational level (%) 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-Above Male Female Primary Secondary Tertiary No school Don’t know 81.8 5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 66.7 33.3 0 4 96 0 0 4. Employment (%) 5. Income range per month (%) Employed Unemployed Student Retired Not of working age Don’t know No income Less than N 20000 N 20000- N 40000 N40000 or more No response 10 3.3 83.4 3.3 0 0 0 83.3 10 6.7 0 Most of the respondents are literate and with a greater percentage (96%) who have received or are receiving a tertiary education. Majority of the respondents (83.4%) are students. Large percentages (83.3%) are receiving 20 thousand naira to 40 thousand naira and some few wereearning above 40 thousand naira 4.1Sex Distribution of Respondents in Ugbowo Table 4.6Sex Distribution of Respondents in Ugbowo SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MALE 40 66.7 FEMALE 20 33.3 TOTAL 60 100 FIG 4.1: Bar chart showing sex distribution of respondents in Ugbowo 4.2Occupational Distribution of Respondents in Ugbowo Table 4.7 Occupational Distribution of Respondents in Ugbowo OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE EMPLOYED 6 10 UNEMPLOYED 2 3.3 STUDENT 50 83.4 RETIRED 2 3.3 NOT OF WORKING AGE 0 0 DON’T KNOW 0 0 TOTAL 60 100 FIG 4.2: Bar chart showing occupational distribution of respondents 4.3Method of Household Garbage Storage in Ugbowo Table 4.8 Method of Household Garbage Storage in Ugbowo REFUSE STORAGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CLOSED CONTAINER 10 16.67 OPEN CONTAINER 22 36.67 PLASTIC BAGS 26 43.3 OTHER(PILE IN THE YARD) 2 3.3 TOTAL 60 100% FIG 4.3: Bar chart showing method of household garbage storage in Ugbowo. 4.4 Method of Refuse Disposal in Ugbowo Table 4.9 Method of Refuse Disposal in Ugbowo METHOD OF REFUSE DISPOSAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE BURN 3 5.5 BURY 2 3.3 DUMP IN RIVER/GULLY 2 3.3 DUMP IN YARD 2 3.3 DUMP ON ROAD 0 0 EHO DUMP SITE 0 0 GARBAGE TRUCK 49 81.4 RECYCLE 1 1.7 REUSE 1 1.7 COMPOST 0 0 OTHER 0 0 TOTAL 60 100 Fig 4.4 Bar chart showing method of refuse disposal 4.5 Different Waste Types Generated in Ugbowo Table 4.10 Different waste types generated inUgbowo WASTE TYPES VERY HIGH HIGH AVERAGE LOW VERY LOW TOTAL PLASTIC 18 34 4 4 60 PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS 40 18 2 60 LEATHER 1 6 16 23 14 60 ELECTRONICS /APPLIANCES 10 20 30 60 ANIMAL WASTE 10 16 10 24 60 VEGETABLE MATTER 6 22 26 2 4 60 FOOD WASTE 20 32 6 2 60 YARD WASTE 10 20 28 2 60 GLASS 4 12 24 20 60 METAL 18 18 24 60 CANS 16 22 10 10 2 60 WOOD 24 28 8 60 RUBBER 14 22 12 12 60 NYLON 38 20 2 60 Fig 4.5 Bar chart showing Different waste types generated in Ugbowo Table 4.11 Different Waste Types GeneratedIn Percentages WASTE TYPES VERY HIGH HIGH AVERAGE LOW VERY LOW TOTAL PLASTIC 30 56.7 6.7 6.7 100 PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS 66.7 30 3.3 100 LEATHER 1.7 10 26.7 38.3 23.3 100 ELECTRONICS /APPLIANCES 16.7 33.3 50 100 ANIMAL WASTE 16.7 26.7 16.7 40 100 VEGETABLE MATTER 10 36.7 43.3 3.3 6.7 100 FOOD WASTE 33.3 53.3 10 3.3 100 YARD WASTE 16.7 33.3 46.7 3.3 100 GLASS 6.7 20 40 33.3 100 METAL 30 30 40 100 CANS 26.7 36.7 16.7 16.7 3.3 100 WOOD 40 46.7 13.3 100 RUBBER 23.3 36.7 20 20 100 NYLON 63.3 33.3 3.3 100 Paper was the most prominent category in the waste composition of ugbowo with (66.7%), while nylon was the second most prominent with 63.3%. and others with 30%, 1.7%, 10%, 16.7%, 26.7% CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion This study has examined the municipal solid waste management ;a case study of residential buildings at Ugbowo .the disposal and management of solid wastes must be taken seriously as man cannot leave without generating wastes .there is no doubt that with proper understanding supplied through this research that issues of waste management should be taken with utmost priority, through the conversion of waste into wealth by means of recycling and recovery should be well maximized and its potential harnessed for maximum productivity which can also provide great job opportunities for many in the state and nation in general. Results from the analyzed sampled from the residents of Ugbowo shows that municipal solid waste generated in residential buildings must be well disposed and managed it was also discovered most residents believe that all wastes issues should be handled by local management waste authorities or accredited waste managers. It is deemed so because other forms of municipal solid wastes disposal like; burning, underdevelopedsites, open dump sites and in water bodies, has tremendous effect on the health of the residents in the environment. Issues such as disease and outbreaks or epidemicsfrom improper waste management, pollution and unpleasant odors oozing from indiscriminate waste management as well as depleting the available air meant for respiration. Also, flooding of an area could result from poor waste management which can lead to blocked drainage and interruptunderground water movement. 5.1.1 Factors Affecting the Efficiency ofthe Solid Waste Management System in Ugbowo Area The following were found affect the efficiency of the solid waste management system in Ugbowo area. 1. Nature of the Road : Most of the roads are dilapidated and are also full of pot-holes; hence movement of collection vehicles when transporting waste also results to sometimes littering the streets with waste at collection vehicles enter pot-holes. 2. Size and condition of collection vehicles: most of the collection vehicles are always not roadworthy and should be kept off the road. Similarly ,the size of most of the collection vehicles is inadequate 3. Method of storage and collection of waste: The mode in which solid wastes are stored in ugbowo does not augur well for efficiency. 4. Population density: As a result of recent immigration from the densely populated Benin City and other villages into ugbowo, the population has been on the increase, so this is found to affect the efficiency of the system. 5. Interconnectivity of Roads: Most roads are not well interconnected and this makes transportation and routing very difficult. 6. Availability of funds: As mentioned earlier, lack of sufficient funds affects the efficiency of solid waste collection in Ugbowo 7. Public Enlightenment ;There is lack of awareness or enlightenment or enlightenment on the part of the public as regards hazards and menace which solid waste pose to the generality of the people. 8. Government Attitude ;Most past administration only pay lip service to issues of solid waste management in Ugbowo and Edo State in general. 5.1.2Setbacks Encountered In the Solid Waste Management Systemin Ugbowo After consultation with the Edo state Waste Management Board which is a part of the Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities and also various agencies and associations, the following set-backs were identified as the problems being encountered by the solid waste management system agency in Ugbowo 1 Equipment: This refers to the dustbins and collection vehicles which are used in the transportation of solid waste. 2) Personnel Management and safety devices for the Collectors: This deals with the number of staff being employed by the solid waste management agency, the way they are being taken care of. 3) Methods of collection are ineffective (i.e. handling of solid waste dustbins and establishing routes in the collection area. 4) Seasonal changes: In the event of rainfall during rainy season, they may need to change their method of managing waste when compared to the dry season. 5) Old and pitiable buildings. 6) Availability of funds: The method of financing the collection, treatment and disposal should be improved. 5.2RECOMMENDATIONS The management of municipal waste has a lot of potential and can still become an important contribution to the social economic development in the country. In other to address the challenges faced in thisarea, practical steps must be taken towards providing solution they include; 1. Proper orientation and awareness campaigns among residents of ugbowo and the state in general on the importance of waste management. So information dissemination in the forms of seminars ,symposia ,lectures and enlightenment programs on mass media either newspapers ,magazine,pamphlets,etc, and also the use of radio and television to reach out to the people about the need for proper hygiene through effective waste disposal. 2. The management of waste is capital intensive thus; the government should help waste managers in funding their operations through the provision of long term loans and other forms of incentives to help them improve their services. 3. A robust legislative system has to be enacted that would serve as a check against free lancers, indiscriminate dumping of refuse along the street and undeveloped site or bush. 4. The provision of modern and waste disposal facilities as well as the infrastructure that would help to manage our solid waste in Ugbowo. 5. Existing dumpsites should be well maintained .curative and preventive methods should be imbibed. Dumpsites should be monitored effectively and controlled of the spread of dumped wastes at the sites into access roads and outside the site boundaries done. 5.2.1 Ways Forward (As Suggested By Edo State Waste Management Board) 1. Provision of monthly operational funds of at least 2 million 2. Provision of at least 20 utility cars and 5 Hilux jeeps for official and operational duties 3. Immediate overhauling and refurbishment of the boards serviceable vehicles 4. rehabilitation of the office complex and the landscaping/beautification of the entire premises 5. Provision of enough office accommodation and adequate furniture for the staff 6. Complete implementation of the national policy on the environmental sanitation in the state 7. 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UNESCO and Education: “Everyone has the right to education”.Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. APPENDIX A1: Garbage truck spotted in UBTH Benin City. A2: Garbage truck can in UBTHBenin City. A3: Open dump site in HALL 3 UNIBEN CAMPUS A4: Open dump site at the back of Faculty of Law UNIBEN